Duyệt theo danh mục
Tất cả thuật ngữ
A
- a0Nâng caoThe protocol parameter that controls how much a stake pool operator's pledge boosts that pool's rewards.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Active Slot CoefficientNâng caoThe protocol parameter that controls the probability a slot is assigned an elected block-producer. On mainnet it is currently 0.05.Đồng thuận & Staking
- adaNgười mớiThe native cryptocurrency of the Cardano blockchain, used to pay transaction fees, stake to a pool, and represent voting power in governance.Token & Tài sản
- Adaptive CorruptionNâng caoAn adversary that picks which validators to attack on the fly, after seeing who has been elected to produce upcoming blocks.Đồng thuận & Staking
- AikenA modern smart contract language for Cardano, designed to be beginner-friendly while producing efficient on-chain code.Hợp đồng thông minh
- AllegraThe hard fork on December 16, 2020 that added token locking capabilities, a prerequisite for smart contract functionality.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- AlonzoThe hard fork on September 12, 2021 that brought smart contract functionality to Cardano through Plutus.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- AMANgười mớiA live Q&A format where community members ask questions directly to project teams, developers, or other notable figures in the Cardano ecosystem.Blockchain tổng quát
- AmaruA Rust implementation of the Cardano node, maintained by PRAGMA as an alternative to the canonical Haskell node. It runs as a relay on mainnet today, block production is the next milestone.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- AmbassadorA community member who promotes Cardano education and adoption.Blockchain tổng quát
- APIA set of endpoints that lets software talk to other software; in Cardano, APIs let applications query the chain, submit transactions, and read on-chain state.Blockchain tổng quát
B
- Babel FeesA proposed mechanism that would let users pay transaction fees using native tokens instead of ada (not yet live on mainnet).Token & Tài sản
- BashoThe fourth era of Cardano development, focused on scaling and performance optimization.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Bech32An address encoding format used for Cardano addresses since the Shelley hard fork.Ví & Khóa
- BlockNgười mớiA unit of data containing a batch of transactions that is added to the blockchain.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- BlockperfAn open-source tool stake pool operators use to measure how quickly their nodes receive and forward newly produced blocks.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Bribery AttackNâng caoAn external attacker pays validators to deviate from the protocol, for example by signing conflicting blocks or handing over dormant keys.Đồng thuận & Staking
- BridgeNgười mớiA protocol that connects Cardano to another blockchain so assets or messages can move between them; typically a pair of contracts that lock value on one chain and mint a representation on the other.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- ByronThe first era of Cardano development, establishing the foundation of the network.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
C
- CardanoA public, permissionless Layer 1 blockchain built on peer-reviewed research.Blockchain tổng quát
- CBDCA digital form of fiat currency issued and controlled by a central bank; unlike permissionless cryptocurrencies, CBDCs are centrally administered and their rules can be changed by the issuer.Blockchain tổng quát
- CEXNgười mớiA trading platform where a company holds custody of your assets and runs the order book internally; unlike a DEX, you only fully own your ada once you withdraw it to your own wallet.Blockchain tổng quát
- ChangThe hard fork on September 1, 2024 that activated the Conway era and brought CIP-1694 governance live on Cardano.Quản trị
- CIPA formal proposal that describes a change, standard, or feature for Cardano; CIPs are the canonical way ecosystem rules and conventions are debated, refined, and adopted.Quản trị
- CIP-1694The Cardano Improvement Proposal that defines Cardano's on-chain governance system, introducing DReps, the Constitutional Committee, and formal governance actions.Quản trị
- CIP-19The specification for how a Cardano address is structured in binary: which network it belongs to, the payment credential, and the optional staking credential.Ví & Khóa
- CIP-20A standard place to attach a short human-readable message to a transaction, so a memo, note, or comment travels with the payment on-chain.Blockchain tổng quát
- CIP-25The convention that tells wallets and marketplaces how to read an NFT's name, image, and attributes from the metadata attached when the token was minted.Token & Tài sản
- CIP-30The standard that lets a website talk to a browser-extension wallet, so dApps can request addresses, ask the wallet to sign a transaction, and submit it, all without handling the user's keys.Ví & Khóa
- CIP-68Nâng caoA token metadata standard that stores an asset's metadata in an on-chain datum a smart contract can read and update, rather than in the frozen transaction metadata used by CIP-25.Token & Tài sản
- CIP-8The standard for signing arbitrary data with a wallet key, used to prove control of an address without sending a transaction or paying a fee.Ví & Khóa
- CIP-99A standard claim flow that lets newcomers receive ada or tokens at a real-world event by scanning a QR code with their wallet, replacing paper wallets.Ví & Khóa
- CollateralAn ada amount a wallet locks aside when submitting a Plutus transaction, forfeited only if the script's on-chain validation fails.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Collateral PercentageNâng caoThe protocol parameter that sets how much collateral must be put up relative to a Plutus transaction's fee, currently 150 (i.e. 150% of the fee) on mainnet.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Committee Minimum SizeNâng caoThe protocol parameter that sets the minimum number of seated Constitutional Committee members required for the committee to be operational; below this floor, any governance action that needs committee approval stalls until the seats are refilled.Quản trị
- Computation LayerAn early architectural concept from Cardano's original roadmap describing smart contract execution as a layer separate from settlement.Blockchain tổng quát
- ConstitutionThe document that defines Cardano's governance principles, rules and guardrails. Ratified on-chain in February 2025 and amended through constitution-update governance actions since.Quản trị
- Constitutional CommitteeThe elected body of seven members that checks governance actions against the Cardano Constitution, serving as a check alongside DReps and stake pool operators.Quản trị
- Controlled StakeThe total ada associated with a stake pool, combining operator pledge and all delegations.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Conway EraThe Cardano ledger era that brought on-chain governance under CIP-1694 to mainnet.Quản trị
D
- d parameterNâng caoThe Shelley-era protocol parameter that controlled the share of blocks produced by federated genesis nodes versus community stake pools.Đồng thuận & Staking
- DAppNgười mớiAn application whose core logic runs as on-chain code rather than on a single company's servers, so its rules keep working even if any one operator walks away.Hợp đồng thông minh
- DatumA piece of data attached to a UTxO that a smart contract can read when deciding whether the UTxO can be spent.Hợp đồng thông minh
- DelegationNgười mớiThe process of assigning your stake to a stake pool without transferring your ada.Đồng thuận & Staking
- DeterminismThe property that given the same inputs, a computation always produces the same outputs.Hợp đồng thông minh
- DEXNgười mớiA trading venue where swaps execute as on-chain code rather than through a central operator, so you trade directly from your wallet and never hand over custody of your funds.Blockchain tổng quát
- DIDAn identifier you create and control yourself, with no central registrar; the record that resolves it lives on a blockchain or other decentralized system rather than in a single company's database.Blockchain tổng quát
- DijkstraThe next Cardano ledger era and hard fork, named after Edsger Dijkstra. Its first phase, targeted for late 2026, brings Linear Leios and nested transactions, a second phase adds Peras.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- DjedA crypto-backed, overcollateralized stablecoin protocol on Cardano whose US-dollar peg is maintained algorithmically against an ada reserve (with SHEN as the reserve coin), rather than by fiat reserves.Token & Tài sản
- DRepA representative that ada holders delegate their on-chain voting power to, so the DRep votes on governance actions on their behalf; like choosing someone to represent your interests in parliament.Quản trị
- DRep Activity PeriodThe protocol parameter that sets how many epochs a DRep can go without voting or updating their registration before they are marked inactive and their delegated voting power stops counting until they are active again.Quản trị
- DYORNgười mớiCommunity shorthand reminding people to investigate a project, team, or claim themselves before investing or acting, rather than trusting anyone else's pitch.Blockchain tổng quát
E
- Eclipse AttackNâng caoA network attack where a node is isolated from honest peers and connected only to attacker-controlled nodes.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Edinburgh Decentralisation Index (EDI)A research framework developed by Input Output and the University of Edinburgh to measure and compare decentralization across blockchain systems.Blockchain tổng quát
- EpochNgười mớiA period of five days in the Cardano network during which stake distribution is fixed and rewards are calculated.Đồng thuận & Staking
- eUTXOCardano's extension of the UTXO accounting model; each output can carry datum and script logic, so smart contracts express rules without the shared mutable state used by account-based chains.Blockchain tổng quát
G
- Genesis BlockThe very first block of a blockchain, kickstarting the ledger that every subsequent block extends.Blockchain tổng quát
- Genesis KeysThe seven cryptographic keys created at Cardano's launch that signed every block during the federated Byron era and gradually yielded block production through Shelley.Đồng thuận & Staking
- GoguenThe third era of Cardano development, bringing smart contracts (Alonzo) and native tokens (Mary).Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Governance ActionA formal proposal submitted on-chain for the Cardano community to vote on.Quản trị
- Governance Action LifetimeThe protocol parameter that caps how many epochs a governance action can stay open for votes before it expires unresolved.Quản trị
- Governance ToolsApplications that turn CIP-1694 governance from a protocol specification into something a community can actually use, registering as a DRep, delegating voting power, browsing live proposals, and casting votes.Quản trị
- Grinding AttackNâng caoAn attack on the randomness used to pick proof-of-stake block leaders, where the adversary tries to bias the lottery in its own favour.Đồng thuận & Staking
H
- Hard ForkNgười mớiA network upgrade that changes the blockchain's rules in a way older software versions no longer understand; every node has to update before the change takes effect.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Hard Fork CombinatorCardano's mechanism for stitching protocol era transitions onto a single live chain without splitting it.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Hard Fork InitiationA CIP-1694 governance action type that schedules and triggers a Cardano hard fork by on-chain vote.Quản trị
- HaskellA pure, strongly typed functional programming language. Cardano's node and Plutus toolchain are written in Haskell.Hợp đồng thông minh
- HydraCardano's Layer 2 protocol built on state channels (Hydra Heads) for fast, low-cost transactions off the main chain. Production-ready since version 1.0 in October 2025.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Hydra HeadAn off-chain micro-ledger between a small group of participants in the Hydra Layer 2 protocol.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
I
- IcarusA reference implementation for a lightweight Cardano wallet, developed by Input Output.Ví & Khóa
- Info ActionA CIP-1694 governance action type that records a community vote on a piece of information without enforcing any on-chain change.Quản trị
- ISPOA fundraising method where supporters delegate ada to a designated stake pool and receive the project's tokens in lieu of staking rewards; participants keep custody of their ada throughout.Đồng thuận & Staking
K
L
- Layer 1Người mớiThe base blockchain protocol itself, where transactions are finalized and the consensus rules are enforced; Cardano is a Layer 1.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Layer 2Người mớiProtocols built on top of a Layer 1 blockchain to improve scalability or add functionality.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- LeiosAn Ouroboros extension that raises Cardano throughput by letting block producers publish larger endorser blocks next to regular Praos blocks. Linear Leios is the variant headed for mainnet with the Dijkstra hard fork.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Live StakeThe total ada currently delegated to a stake pool right now, before any epoch boundary snapshot.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Long-Range AttackNâng caoAn attack that tries to rewrite long stretches of blockchain history by building a competing chain from far back in the past.Đồng thuận & Staking
- LovelaceNgười mớiThe smallest divisible unit of ada. One ada equals 1,000,000 lovelaces.Token & Tài sản
Lộ trình học
Các hướng dẫn chọn lọc giúp bạn hiểu Cardano từng bước.
M
- MainnetNgười mớiThe production Cardano network where real ada transactions occur, as opposed to testnets used for development and testing.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- MaryThe hard fork on March 1, 2021 that introduced native tokens, allowing users to create and transact with custom tokens directly on Cardano.Token & Tài sản
- Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)Nâng caoValue that block producers can capture by reordering, inserting, or excluding transactions within the blocks they mint.Blockchain tổng quát
- MempoolThe pool of pending transactions a Cardano node holds locally before they are included in a block.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Minimum Pool CostThe protocol parameter that sets the floor on the fixed cost a stake pool can declare per epoch, currently 170 ada on mainnet.Đồng thuận & Staking
- MithrilA stake-based threshold multi-signature protocol that lets Cardano nodes trust a blockchain snapshot without re-validating the whole chain.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Monetary Expansion RateThe protocol parameter (often called ρ) that controls what fraction of the remaining ada reserve is released into the reward pot each epoch.Đồng thuận & Staking
N
- Nakamoto CoefficientNâng caoA measure of how decentralized a blockchain is, expressed as the smallest number of entities that could collude to compromise it.Blockchain tổng quát
- Native TokenA token created and managed directly on the Cardano blockchain using its built-in token functionality, without requiring smart contracts.Token & Tài sản
- Net Change LimitA constitutional guardrail that caps the net amount of ada the treasury can pay out over a defined period. DReps agree each limit through an info action.Quản trị
- NFTNgười mớiA token that represents ownership of a specific unique item, recorded on-chain; anyone can copy the picture, but only one wallet holds the original record.Token & Tài sản
- Nothing-at-StakeNâng caoThe risk that proof-of-stake validators sign every competing fork at once because doing so costs them nothing.Đồng thuận & Staking
O
- Operational CertificateThe certificate a stake pool operator signs to authorise a KES key to produce blocks on the pool's behalf.Đồng thuận & Staking
- OracleA trusted feed that brings off-chain information onto the blockchain so smart contracts can react to it.Hợp đồng thông minh
- OuroborosThe family of proof-of-stake consensus protocols that power Cardano, designed with formal security proofs against the known attack catalogue against PoS chains. Mainnet runs Ouroboros Praos today.Đồng thuận & Staking
P
- PipeliningNâng caoA protocol optimization that lets a newly produced block start propagating across the network before validation completes.Đồng thuận & Staking
- PledgeThe amount of ada a stake pool operator personally commits to their own pool.Đồng thuận & Staking
- PlinthThe high-level Haskell-embedded language Cardano developers use to write on-chain validators that compile to Plutus Core.Hợp đồng thông minh
- PlominThe Conway-era hard fork on January 29, 2025 that turned on the remaining CIP-1694 governance actions.Quản trị
- PlutusCardano's smart contract platform. The name covers the Plutus Core language that runs on-chain and the tooling that compiles higher-level languages down to it.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Plutus CoreNâng caoCardano's on-chain smart-contract runtime. Higher-level languages (Plinth, Aiken) compile down to Plutus Core for execution.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Plutus Cost ModelsNâng caoThe protocol parameter that holds the per-operation CPU and memory cost tables Plutus scripts are billed against; updated through ordinary protocol parameter governance actions.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Policy IDThe unique on-chain identifier of a native token's minting policy.Token & Tài sản
- Pool SaturationThe threshold past which extra delegation to a stake pool stops increasing rewards; a built-in incentive to spread stake across many pools rather than concentrate it in a few.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Posterior CorruptionNâng caoAn attack where the adversary buys or steals signing keys from people who held large stake in the past but no longer do.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Programmable TokenA native token that can only change owner when a script approves the transfer, so the issuer can enforce rules like allowlists, transfer limits, or freezes on the token's transfers. CIP-113 is the proposed standard for them on Cardano.Token & Tài sản
- Project CatalystCardano's community grant program, launched in 2020 to fund ecosystem projects from the treasury and stewarded by the Cardano Foundation since 2026.Quản trị
- Proof of StakeNgười mớiA consensus mechanism where validators are selected to create blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and stake (commit) to the network.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Proof of WorkA consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve computational puzzles to create blocks.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Proof-of-Stake AttacksNâng caoThe set of known attack categories against proof-of-stake blockchains and how Cardano's Ouroboros family defends against each.Đồng thuận & Staking
R
- RedeemerData supplied by the spending transaction that tells a smart contract what action is being attempted.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Reference InputAn input a transaction reads without consuming, letting a smart contract look at on-chain state without locking it out of other transactions.Hợp đồng thông minh
- Reference ScriptA Plutus script attached once to a UTxO and then referenced (not re-included) by later transactions that need it, whether to spend a script-locked output, run a minting policy, or validate a withdrawal or certificate.Hợp đồng thông minh
- RewardsNgười mớiAda earned by delegators and stake pool operators for participating in the network.Đồng thuận & Staking
- RollbackWhen a Cardano node reverts the most recent blocks because the network has converged on a different fork.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
S
- SanchoNetThe Cardano testnet dedicated to CIP-1694 governance, where new governance features and tooling are tried out before they reach mainnet.Quản trị
- ScamNgười mớiA fraudulent scheme designed to steal funds or personal information, often exploiting trust or lack of knowledge.Blockchain tổng quát
- Seed PhraseNgười mớiA sequence of words, typically 15 or 24 on Cardano (and sometimes 12 or 27), that lets any compatible wallet recover access to your accounts on the blockchain.Ví & Khóa
- ShelleyThe second era of Cardano development, introducing decentralization and stake pools.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- SidechainsIndependent blockchains wired to Cardano through a bridge, so projects can experiment with their own rules (different VM, faster finality, custom tokenomics) while settling back to Cardano when they need its security.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- SlotNgười mớiEach slot represents an opportunity for a block to be produced by an elected slot leader.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Slot LeaderThe stake pool selected by Ouroboros to produce a block in a given time slot.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Smart ContractSelf-executing code stored on a blockchain that automatically enforces and executes agreement terms when predefined conditions are met.Hợp đồng thông minh
- SMASHAn off-chain service that aggregates stake pool metadata (name, ticker, homepage) for wallets and explorers to display; delisting from a SMASH only changes how a pool appears in apps, not its ability to produce blocks.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Soft ForkNgười mớiA protocol upgrade that is backward-compatible, so nodes running older software can still follow the chain; they just don't see the new feature.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Spending PasswordNgười mớiA password used by wallets to encrypt the private key, adding a layer of security.Ví & Khóa
- StablecoinNgười mớiA cryptocurrency designed to track the value of a reference asset, typically a fiat currency like the US dollar, so balances stay predictable rather than swinging with the crypto market.Token & Tài sản
- Stake AddressThe bech32 address (`stake1...`) that owns delegation rights and receives staking rewards, separate from your payment address.Ví & Khóa
- Stake Address DepositThe refundable amount of ada locked when a wallet registers a stake address so it can delegate or earn rewards, currently 2 ada on mainnet.Ví & Khóa
- Stake Majority AttackNâng caoAn attack where a single party controlling more than half of the staked ada can rewrite recent history, censor transactions, or double-spend.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Stake PoolNgười mớiA server node that participates in the Cardano network by validating transactions and producing blocks.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Stake Pool DepositThe refundable amount of ada locked when registering a new stake pool, currently 500 ada on mainnet; returned in full when the pool retires.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Stake SnapshotA frozen capture of every account's delegation taken at an epoch boundary; what the protocol actually uses to elect block leaders and pay rewards.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Stake-Bleeding AttackNâng caoA long-range attack in which a minority adversary slowly drains stake from the honest chain onto its private chain by copying transactions and collecting their fees.Đồng thuận & Staking
- StakingNgười mớiA general term for committing tokens to a proof-of-stake network. On Cardano the everyday equivalent is delegation, which is technically distinct: your ada never leaves your wallet, and there is no slashing.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Style GuideThe Editorial Style Guide defines writing conventions, spelling standards, and terminology usage for Cardano.org.Blockchain tổng quát
- Sybil AttackNâng caoAn attack in which one entity creates many fake identities to gain disproportionate influence over a network.Đồng thuận & Staking
T
- TestnetNgười mớiA test network for developers to experiment without using real ada.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- TPSTransactions per second, a popular but limited metric for blockchain throughput that ignores transaction complexity, finality, and parallel execution.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- Transaction FeeNgười mớiThe lovelace charged to submit a transaction, calculated from the transaction's serialized size in bytes using two public protocol parameters.Blockchain tổng quát
- TreasuryAn on-chain fund that accumulates a portion of transaction fees and monetary expansion.Quản trị
- Treasury CutThe protocol parameter (often called τ) that decides what fraction of each epoch's reward pot is moved to the on-chain treasury before the remainder is paid to stake pools and delegators.Đồng thuận & Staking
- Treasury DonationA transaction that sends ada directly into the Cardano treasury, increasing the funds the community can later allocate.Quản trị
- Treasury WithdrawalA CIP-1694 governance action that proposes taking funds out of the on-chain treasury and paying them to a specified stake address.Quản trị
U
- Untyped Plutus Core (UPLC)Nâng caoThe low-level “machine language” that is executed on-chain by Cardano nodes during transaction validation.Hợp đồng thông minh
- USDMA US-dollar-pegged stablecoin on Cardano issued by Moneta (formerly Mehen Finance) and backed by US-dollar reserves held off-chain rather than by an on-chain crypto collateral pool.Token & Tài sản
- Use CaseA specific application or scenario where Cardano technology solves a problem.Blockchain tổng quát
- UTXOUnspent Transaction Output, the accounting model Cardano shares with Bitcoin where transactions consume whole earlier outputs and create new ones, similar to spending banknotes and getting change back.Blockchain tổng quát
- UTxO Cost per ByteThe protocol parameter that prices each byte of on-chain storage a UTxO occupies, used to derive the minimum ada that must accompany any new output.Blockchain tổng quát
V
- ValidatorThe on-chain script that decides whether a transaction may spend a UTXO, mint a token or perform another scripted action. On Cardano, a smart contract is a validator.Hợp đồng thông minh
- van RossemThe Conway-era hard fork on July 18, 2026 (protocol version 11) that added new Plutus builtins and was the first Cardano upgrade ratified entirely through on-chain governance.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- VasilThe hard fork on September 22, 2022 that improved smart contract efficiency and network performance.Mạng lưới & Giao thức
- VoltaireThe fifth roadmap phase of Cardano development, focused on governance and treasury management.Quản trị
- Voting ThresholdsNâng caoThe set of protocol parameters that define what percentage of votes is required from each governance body (DReps, SPOs) to ratify each governance action type.Quản trị
- VRFNâng caoA cryptographic function that produces a verifiably random output; Cardano uses it inside Ouroboros as a private per-slot lottery, letting each pool check whether it won the right to produce a block, fairly and unpredictably.Đồng thuận & Staking