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すべての用語
A
- a0上級The protocol parameter that controls how much a stake pool operator's pledge boosts that pool's rewards.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Active Slot Coefficient上級The protocol parameter that controls the probability a slot is assigned an elected block-producer. On mainnet it is currently 0.05.コンセンサスとステーキング
- ada初級The native cryptocurrency of the Cardano blockchain, used to pay transaction fees, stake to a pool, and represent voting power in governance.トークンと資産
- Adaptive Corruption上級An adversary that picks which validators to attack on the fly, after seeing who has been elected to produce upcoming blocks.コンセンサスとステーキング
- AikenA modern smart contract language for Cardano, designed to be beginner-friendly while producing efficient on-chain code.スマートコントラクト
- AllegraThe hard fork on December 16, 2020 that added token locking capabilities, a prerequisite for smart contract functionality.ネットワークとプロトコル
- AlonzoThe hard fork on September 12, 2021 that brought smart contract functionality to Cardano through Plutus.ネットワークとプロトコル
- AMA初級A live Q&A format where community members ask questions directly to project teams, developers, or other notable figures in the Cardano ecosystem.ブロックチェーン全般
- AmaruA Rust implementation of the Cardano node, maintained by PRAGMA as an alternative to the canonical Haskell node. It runs as a relay on mainnet today, block production is the next milestone.ネットワークとプロトコル
- AmbassadorA community member who promotes Cardano education and adoption.ブロックチェーン全般
- APIA set of endpoints that lets software talk to other software; in Cardano, APIs let applications query the chain, submit transactions, and read on-chain state.ブロックチェーン全般
B
- Babel FeesA proposed mechanism that would let users pay transaction fees using native tokens instead of ada (not yet live on mainnet).トークンと資産
- BashoThe fourth era of Cardano development, focused on scaling and performance optimization.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Bech32An address encoding format used for Cardano addresses since the Shelley hard fork.ウォレットと鍵
- Block初級A unit of data containing a batch of transactions that is added to the blockchain.ネットワークとプロトコル
- BlockperfAn open-source tool stake pool operators use to measure how quickly their nodes receive and forward newly produced blocks.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Bribery Attack上級An external attacker pays validators to deviate from the protocol, for example by signing conflicting blocks or handing over dormant keys.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Bridge初級A protocol that connects Cardano to another blockchain so assets or messages can move between them; typically a pair of contracts that lock value on one chain and mint a representation on the other.ネットワークとプロトコル
- ByronThe first era of Cardano development, establishing the foundation of the network.ネットワークとプロトコル
C
- CardanoA public, permissionless Layer 1 blockchain built on peer-reviewed research.ブロックチェーン全般
- CBDCA digital form of fiat currency issued and controlled by a central bank; unlike permissionless cryptocurrencies, CBDCs are centrally administered and their rules can be changed by the issuer.ブロックチェーン全般
- CEX初級A trading platform where a company holds custody of your assets and runs the order book internally; unlike a DEX, you only fully own your ada once you withdraw it to your own wallet.ブロックチェーン全般
- ChangThe hard fork on September 1, 2024 that activated the Conway era and brought CIP-1694 governance live on Cardano.ガバナンス
- CIPA formal proposal that describes a change, standard, or feature for Cardano; CIPs are the canonical way ecosystem rules and conventions are debated, refined, and adopted.ガバナンス
- CIP-1694The Cardano Improvement Proposal that defines Cardano's on-chain governance system, introducing DReps, the Constitutional Committee, and formal governance actions.ガバナンス
- CIP-19The specification for how a Cardano address is structured in binary: which network it belongs to, the payment credential, and the optional staking credential.ウォレットと鍵
- CIP-20A standard place to attach a short human-readable message to a transaction, so a memo, note, or comment travels with the payment on-chain.ブロックチェーン全般
- CIP-25The convention that tells wallets and marketplaces how to read an NFT's name, image, and attributes from the metadata attached when the token was minted.トークンと資産
- CIP-30The standard that lets a website talk to a browser-extension wallet, so dApps can request addresses, ask the wallet to sign a transaction, and submit it, all without handling the user's keys.ウォレットと鍵
- CIP-68上級A token metadata standard that stores an asset's metadata in an on-chain datum a smart contract can read and update, rather than in the frozen transaction metadata used by CIP-25.トークンと資産
- CIP-8The standard for signing arbitrary data with a wallet key, used to prove control of an address without sending a transaction or paying a fee.ウォレットと鍵
- CIP-99A standard claim flow that lets newcomers receive ada or tokens at a real-world event by scanning a QR code with their wallet, replacing paper wallets.ウォレットと鍵
- CollateralAn ada amount a wallet locks aside when submitting a Plutus transaction, forfeited only if the script's on-chain validation fails.スマートコントラクト
- Collateral Percentage上級The protocol parameter that sets how much collateral must be put up relative to a Plutus transaction's fee, currently 150 (i.e. 150% of the fee) on mainnet.スマートコントラクト
- Committee Minimum Size上級The protocol parameter that sets the minimum number of seated Constitutional Committee members required for the committee to be operational; below this floor, any governance action that needs committee approval stalls until the seats are refilled.ガバナンス
- Computation LayerAn early architectural concept from Cardano's original roadmap describing smart contract execution as a layer separate from settlement.ブロックチェーン全般
- ConstitutionThe document that defines Cardano's governance principles, rules and guardrails. Ratified on-chain in February 2025 and amended through constitution-update governance actions since.ガバナンス
- Constitutional CommitteeThe elected body of seven members that checks governance actions against the Cardano Constitution, serving as a check alongside DReps and stake pool operators.ガバナンス
- Controlled StakeThe total ada associated with a stake pool, combining operator pledge and all delegations.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Conway EraThe Cardano ledger era that brought on-chain governance under CIP-1694 to mainnet.ガバナンス
D
- d parameter上級The Shelley-era protocol parameter that controlled the share of blocks produced by federated genesis nodes versus community stake pools.コンセンサスとステーキング
- DApp初級An application whose core logic runs as on-chain code rather than on a single company's servers, so its rules keep working even if any one operator walks away.スマートコントラクト
- DatumA piece of data attached to a UTxO that a smart contract can read when deciding whether the UTxO can be spent.スマートコントラクト
- Delegation初級The process of assigning your stake to a stake pool without transferring your ada.コンセンサスとステーキング
- DeterminismThe property that given the same inputs, a computation always produces the same outputs.スマートコントラクト
- DEX初級A trading venue where swaps execute as on-chain code rather than through a central operator, so you trade directly from your wallet and never hand over custody of your funds.ブロックチェーン全般
- DIDAn identifier you create and control yourself, with no central registrar; the record that resolves it lives on a blockchain or other decentralized system rather than in a single company's database.ブロックチェーン全般
- DijkstraThe next Cardano ledger era and hard fork, named after Edsger Dijkstra. Its first phase, targeted for late 2026, brings Linear Leios and nested transactions, a second phase adds Peras.ネットワークとプロトコル
- DjedA crypto-backed, overcollateralized stablecoin protocol on Cardano whose US-dollar peg is maintained algorithmically against an ada reserve (with SHEN as the reserve coin), rather than by fiat reserves.ト ークンと資産
- DRepA representative that ada holders delegate their on-chain voting power to, so the DRep votes on governance actions on their behalf; like choosing someone to represent your interests in parliament.ガバナンス
- DRep Activity PeriodThe protocol parameter that sets how many epochs a DRep can go without voting or updating their registration before they are marked inactive and their delegated voting power stops counting until they are active again.ガバナンス
- DYOR初級Community shorthand reminding people to investigate a project, team, or claim themselves before investing or acting, rather than trusting anyone else's pitch.ブロックチェーン全般
E
- Eclipse Attack上級A network attack where a node is isolated from honest peers and connected only to attacker-controlled nodes.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Edinburgh Decentralisation Index (EDI)A research framework developed by Input Output and the University of Edinburgh to measure and compare decentralization across blockchain systems.ブロックチェーン全般
- Epoch初級A period of five days in the Cardano network during which stake distribution is fixed and rewards are calculated.コンセンサスとステーキング
- eUTXOCardano's extension of the UTXO accounting model; each output can carry datum and script logic, so smart contracts express rules without the shared mutable state used by account-based chains.ブロックチェーン全般
G
- Genesis BlockThe very first block of a blockchain, kickstarting the ledger that every subsequent block extends.ブロックチェーン全般
- Genesis KeysThe seven cryptographic keys created at Cardano's launch that signed every block during the federated Byron era and gradually yielded block production through Shelley.コンセンサスとステーキング
- GoguenThe third era of Cardano development, bringing smart contracts (Alonzo) and native tokens (Mary).ネットワークとプロトコル
- Governance ActionA formal proposal submitted on-chain for the Cardano community to vote on.ガバナンス
- Governance Action LifetimeThe protocol parameter that caps how many epochs a governance action can stay open for votes before it expires unresolved.ガバナンス
- Governance ToolsApplications that turn CIP-1694 governance from a protocol specification into something a community can actually use, registering as a DRep, delegating voting power, browsing live proposals, and casting votes.ガバナンス
- Grinding Attack上級An attack on the randomness used to pick proof-of-stake block leaders, where the adversary tries to bias the lottery in its own favour.コンセンサスとステーキング
H
- Hard Fork初級A network upgrade that changes the blockchain's rules in a way older software versions no longer understand; every node has to update before the change takes effect.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Hard Fork CombinatorCardano's mechanism for stitching protocol era transitions onto a single live chain without splitting it.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Hard Fork InitiationA CIP-1694 governance action type that schedules and triggers a Cardano hard fork by on-chain vote.ガバナンス
- HaskellA pure, strongly typed functional programming language. Cardano's node and Plutus toolchain are written in Haskell.スマートコントラクト
- HydraCardano's Layer 2 protocol built on state channels (Hydra Heads) for fast, low-cost transactions off the main chain. Production-ready since version 1.0 in October 2025.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Hydra HeadAn off-chain micro-ledger between a small group of participants in the Hydra Layer 2 protocol.ネットワークとプロトコル
I
- IcarusA reference implementation for a lightweight Cardano wallet, developed by Input Output.ウォレットと鍵
- Info ActionA CIP-1694 governance action type that records a community vote on a piece of information without enforcing any on-chain change.ガバナンス
- ISPOA fundraising method where supporters delegate ada to a designated stake pool and receive the project's tokens in lieu of staking rewards; participants keep custody of their ada throughout.コンセンサスとステーキング
K
L
- Layer 1初級The base blockchain protocol itself, where transactions are finalized and the consensus rules are enforced; Cardano is a Layer 1.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Layer 2初級Protocols built on top of a Layer 1 blockchain to improve scalability or add functionality.ネットワークとプロトコル
- LeiosAn Ouroboros extension that raises Cardano throughput by letting block producers publish larger endorser blocks next to regular Praos blocks. Linear Leios is the variant headed for mainnet with the Dijkstra hard fork.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Live StakeThe total ada currently delegated to a stake pool right now, before any epoch boundary snapshot.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Long-Range Attack上級An attack that tries to rewrite long stretches of blockchain history by building a competing chain from far back in the past.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Lovelace初級The smallest divisible unit of ada. One ada equals 1,000,000 lovelaces.トークンと資産
学習パス
Cardanoを段階的に理解するための厳選ガイド。
M
- Mainnet初級The production Cardano network where real ada transactions occur, as opposed to testnets used for development and testing.ネットワークとプロトコル
- MaryThe hard fork on March 1, 2021 that introduced native tokens, allowing users to create and transact with custom tokens directly on Cardano.トークンと資産
- Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)上級Value that block producers can capture by reordering, inserting, or excluding transactions within the blocks they mint.ブロックチェーン全般
- MempoolThe pool of pending transactions a Cardano node holds locally before they are included in a block.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Minimum Pool CostThe protocol parameter that sets the floor on the fixed cost a stake pool can declare per epoch, currently 170 ada on mainnet.コンセンサスとステーキング
- MithrilA stake-based threshold multi-signature protocol that lets Cardano nodes trust a blockchain snapshot without re-validating the whole chain.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Monetary Expansion RateThe protocol parameter (often called ρ) that controls what fraction of the remaining ada reserve is released into the reward pot each epoch.コンセンサスとステーキング
N
- Nakamoto Coefficient上級A measure of how decentralized a blockchain is, expressed as the smallest number of entities that could collude to compromise it.ブロックチェーン全般
- Native TokenA token created and managed directly on the Cardano blockchain using its built-in token functionality, without requiring smart contracts.トークンと資産
- Net Change LimitA constitutional guardrail that caps the net amount of ada the treasury can pay out over a defined period. DReps agree each limit through an info action.ガバナンス
- NFT初級A token that represents ownership of a specific unique item, recorded on-chain; anyone can copy the picture, but only one wallet holds the original record.トークンと資産
- Nothing-at-Stake上級The risk that proof-of-stake validators sign every competing fork at once because doing so costs them nothing.コンセンサスとステーキング
O
- Operational CertificateThe certificate a stake pool operator signs to authorise a KES key to produce blocks on the pool's behalf.コンセンサスとステーキング
- OracleA trusted feed that brings off-chain information onto the blockchain so smart contracts can react to it.スマートコントラクト
- OuroborosThe family of proof-of-stake consensus protocols that power Cardano, designed with formal security proofs against the known attack catalogue against PoS chains. Mainnet runs Ouroboros Praos today.コンセンサスとステーキング
P
- Pipelining上級A protocol optimization that lets a newly produced block start propagating across the network before validation completes.コンセンサスとステーキング
- PledgeThe amount of ada a stake pool operator personally commits to their own pool.コンセンサスとステーキング
- PlinthThe high-level Haskell-embedded language Cardano developers use to write on-chain validators that compile to Plutus Core.スマートコントラクト
- PlominThe Conway-era hard fork on January 29, 2025 that turned on the remaining CIP-1694 governance actions.ガバナンス
- PlutusCardano's smart contract platform. The name covers the Plutus Core language that runs on-chain and the tooling that compiles higher-level languages down to it.スマートコントラクト
- Plutus Core上級Cardano's on-chain smart-contract runtime. Higher-level languages (Plinth, Aiken) compile down to Plutus Core for execution.スマートコントラクト
- Plutus Cost Models上級The protocol parameter that holds the per-operation CPU and memory cost tables Plutus scripts are billed against; updated through ordinary protocol parameter governance actions.スマートコントラクト
- Policy IDThe unique on-chain identifier of a native token's minting policy.トークンと資産
- Pool SaturationThe threshold past which extra delegation to a stake pool stops increasing rewards; a built-in incentive to spread stake across many pools rather than concentrate it in a few.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Posterior Corruption上級An attack where the adversary buys or steals signing keys from people who held large stake in the past but no longer do.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Programmable TokenA native token that can only change owner when a script approves the transfer, so the issuer can enforce rules like allowlists, transfer limits, or freezes on the token's transfers. CIP-113 is the proposed standard for them on Cardano.トークンと資産
- Project CatalystCardano's community grant program, launched in 2020 to fund ecosystem projects from the treasury and stewarded by the Cardano Foundation since 2026.ガバナンス
- Proof of Stake初級A consensus mechanism where validators are selected to create blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and stake (commit) to the network.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Proof of WorkA consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve computational puzzles to create blocks.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Proof-of-Stake Attacks上級The set of known attack categories against proof-of-stake blockchains and how Cardano's Ouroboros family defends against each.コンセンサスとステーキング
R
- RedeemerData supplied by the spending transaction that tells a smart contract what action is being attempted.スマートコントラクト
- Reference InputAn input a transaction reads without consuming, letting a smart contract look at on-chain state without locking it out of other transactions.スマートコントラクト
- Reference ScriptA Plutus script attached once to a UTxO and then referenced (not re-included) by later transactions that need it, whether to spend a script-locked output, run a minting policy, or validate a withdrawal or certificate.スマートコントラクト
- Rewards初級Ada earned by delegators and stake pool operators for participating in the network.コンセンサスとステーキング
- RollbackWhen a Cardano node reverts the most recent blocks because the network has converged on a different fork.ネットワークとプロトコル
S
- SanchoNetThe Cardano testnet dedicated to CIP-1694 governance, where new governance features and tooling are tried out before they reach mainnet.ガバナンス
- Scam初級A fraudulent scheme designed to steal funds or personal information, often exploiting trust or lack of knowledge.ブロックチェーン全般
- Seed Phrase初級A sequence of words, typically 15 or 24 on Cardano (and sometimes 12 or 27), that lets any compatible wallet recover access to your accounts on the blockchain.ウォレットと鍵
- ShelleyThe second era of Cardano development, introducing decentralization and stake pools.ネットワークとプロトコル
- SidechainsIndependent blockchains wired to Cardano through a bridge, so projects can experiment with their own rules (different VM, faster finality, custom tokenomics) while settling back to Cardano when they need its security.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Slot初級Each slot represents an opportunity for a block to be produced by an elected slot leader.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Slot LeaderThe stake pool selected by Ouroboros to produce a block in a given time slot.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Smart ContractSelf-executing code stored on a blockchain that automatically enforces and executes agreement terms when predefined conditions are met.スマートコントラクト
- SMASHAn off-chain service that aggregates stake pool metadata (name, ticker, homepage) for wallets and explorers to display; delisting from a SMASH only changes how a pool appears in apps, not its ability to produce blocks.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Soft Fork初級A protocol upgrade that is backward-compatible, so nodes running older software can still follow the chain; they just don't see the new feature.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Spending Password初級A password used by wallets to encrypt the private key, adding a layer of security.ウォレットと鍵
- Stablecoin初級A cryptocurrency designed to track the value of a reference asset, typically a fiat currency like the US dollar, so balances stay predictable rather than swinging with the crypto market.トークンと資産
- Stake AddressThe bech32 address (`stake1...`) that owns delegation rights and receives staking rewards, separate from your payment address.ウォレットと鍵
- Stake Address DepositThe refundable amount of ada locked when a wallet registers a stake address so it can delegate or earn rewards, currently 2 ada on mainnet.ウォレットと鍵
- Stake Majority Attack上級An attack where a single party controlling more than half of the staked ada can rewrite recent history, censor transactions, or double-spend.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Stake Pool初級A server node that participates in the Cardano network by validating transactions and producing blocks.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Stake Pool DepositThe refundable amount of ada locked when registering a new stake pool, currently 500 ada on mainnet; returned in full when the pool retires.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Stake SnapshotA frozen capture of every account's delegation taken at an epoch boundary; what the protocol actually uses to elect block leaders and pay rewards.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Stake-Bleeding Attack上級A long-range attack in which a minority adversary slowly drains stake from the honest chain onto its private chain by copying transactions and collecting their fees.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Staking初級A general term for committing tokens to a proof-of-stake network. On Cardano the everyday equivalent is delegation, which is technically distinct: your ada never leaves your wallet, and there is no slashing.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Style GuideThe Editorial Style Guide defines writing conventions, spelling standards, and terminology usage for Cardano.org.ブロックチェーン全般
- Sybil Attack上級An attack in which one entity creates many fake identities to gain disproportionate influence over a network.コンセンサスとステーキング
T
- Testnet初級A test network for developers to experiment without using real ada.ネットワークとプロトコル
- TPSTransactions per second, a popular but limited metric for blockchain throughput that ignores transaction complexity, finality, and parallel execution.ネットワークとプロトコル
- Transaction Fee初級The lovelace charged to submit a transaction, calculated from the transaction's serialized size in bytes using two public protocol parameters.ブロックチェーン全般
- TreasuryAn on-chain fund that accumulates a portion of transaction fees and monetary expansion.ガバナンス
- Treasury CutThe protocol parameter (often called τ) that decides what fraction of each epoch's reward pot is moved to the on-chain treasury before the remainder is paid to stake pools and delegators.コンセンサスとステーキング
- Treasury DonationA transaction that sends ada directly into the Cardano treasury, increasing the funds the community can later allocate.ガバナンス
- Treasury WithdrawalA CIP-1694 governance action that proposes taking funds out of the on-chain treasury and paying them to a specified stake address.ガバナンス
U
- Untyped Plutus Core (UPLC)上級The low-level “machine language” that is executed on-chain by Cardano nodes during transaction validation.スマートコントラクト
- USDMA US-dollar-pegged stablecoin on Cardano issued by Moneta (formerly Mehen Finance) and backed by US-dollar reserves held off-chain rather than by an on-chain crypto collateral pool.トークンと資産
- Use CaseA specific application or scenario where Cardano technology solves a problem.ブロックチェーン全般
- UTXOUnspent Transaction Output, the accounting model Cardano shares with Bitcoin where transactions consume whole earlier outputs and create new ones, similar to spending banknotes and getting change back.ブロックチェーン全般
- UTxO Cost per ByteThe protocol parameter that prices each byte of on-chain storage a UTxO occupies, used to derive the minimum ada that must accompany any new output.ブロックチェーン全般
V
- ValidatorThe on-chain script that decides whether a transaction may spend a UTXO, mint a token or perform another scripted action. On Cardano, a smart contract is a validator.スマートコントラクト
- van RossemThe Conway-era hard fork on July 18, 2026 (protocol version 11) that added new Plutus builtins and was the first Cardano upgrade ratified entirely through on-chain governance.ネットワークとプロトコル
- VasilThe hard fork on September 22, 2022 that improved smart contract efficiency and network performance.ネットワークとプロトコル
- VoltaireThe fifth roadmap phase of Cardano development, focused on governance and treasury management.ガバナンス
- Voting Thresholds上級The set of protocol parameters that define what percentage of votes is required from each governance body (DReps, SPOs) to ratify each governance action type.ガバナンス
- VRF上級A cryptographic function that produces a verifiably random output; Cardano uses it inside Ouroboros as a private per-slot lottery, letting each pool check whether it won the right to produce a block, fairly and unpredictably.コンセンサスとステーキング